Transdermal Drug Delivery is defined as movement of substances (e.g. drugs) across stratum corneum (outer layer of skin) into systemic cilculation (blood). In other words, it delivers active ingredients through the skin and directly to the desired area to achieve a better result. ... [Click here to learn more]

Glucosamine is a natural compound that is found in healthy cartilage. Glucosamine sulfate is a normal constituent of glycoaminoglycans in cartilage matrix and synovial fluid.

Available evidence from randomized controlled trials supports the use of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis, particularly of the knee. It is believed that the sulfate moiety provides clinical benefit in the synovial fluid by strengthening cartilage and aiding glycosaminoglycan synthesis. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it would mean that only the glucosamine sulfate form is effective and non-sulfated glucosamine forms are not effective.

Glucosamine is commonly taken in combination with chondroitin, a glycosaminoglycan derived from articular cartilage. Use of complementary therapies, including glucosamine, is common in patients with osteoarthritis, and may allow for reduced doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. ... [Click here to learn more]

Results of a clinical study published in the March 2003 Journal of Rheumatology show long term benefits of topical application of a preparation containing camphor, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. The research shows continuous reduction of pain resulting from osteoarthritis of the knee, with clinically significant results within four weeks. According to the study’s principal investigator, the information also suggests that topical application of these agents is an effective route of administration. ... [Click here to learn more]

In patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, is a topical cream containing glucosamine sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, and camphor more effective than placebo for relieving joint pain? 63 patients with objectively documented osteoarthritis of the knee who had had knee pain rated >4 cm on a 10 cm visual analogue scale in one or both knees for >4 weeks. ... [Click here to learn more]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Butea superba in increasing intracavernous pressure (ICP) in vivo. The results of the trial suggest that ethanol extracts of B. superba are effective in enhancing penile erection. The dried root core extract from Phrae is the most effective part with a maximal dose of 1 mg/kg. The results also suggest that B. superba may act through cAMP/cGMP pathways. ... [Click here to learn more]